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Home » Alternative Health Research » The Anatomy & Physiology of Vertebrates

The Anatomy & Physiology of Vertebrates

April 30, 2015 by Andrea 1 Comment

I have been working on a more complete look at the anatomy and physiology of the 4 main types of vertebrate land animals and have compiled the chart below.

Please take a look and let me know what you think. I once thought we were Herbivores but now know we are more like other Frugivores. While I do believe many factors come into play with regard to our specific and individual biochemical make up, I will agree that it does appear that the Human physiology is designed to ideally consume these types of foods. In what quantities, combinations, and times is left  up to the eater and how it all feels in the body.

While we can eat anything we want, if we look purely at the science and desire optimal health, we will experiment eating these foods in various combinations, quantities, and even times of the day to find what creates optimal health for our unique biochemical makeup. We are each very unique and have at least 7 factors to consider as we make our food choices and experiment with how it feels in our body. I will discuss this more in depth in another blog next week but a quick over view of these important considerations are:

  1. Blood type
  2. Ayurvedic Constitution
  3. Dominant Endocrine System
  4. Fast or Slow Glucose Oxidizer
  5. Acid/Alkaline
  6. Anabolic/Catabolic
  7. Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

A Comparison Chart of the Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates:

A&PVertebrateComparison

A&PVertebrateComparison

Carnivores Omnivores Herbivores Frugivores
Species Included: Cats, Cheetahs, lions, etc. Birds (chickens, turkeys, etc.), hogs, & dogs Horses, cows, sheep, elephants, deer, giraffes Humans & primates (apes, chimps, monkeys)
Diet: Mainly meats, come veggies, grasses & herbs Some meat, vegetables, fruits, roots, & some barks. Veggies, herbs, & some roots & barks Mainly fruits, nuts, seeds, sweet veggies, & herbs
Skeletal Structures:
Facial Muscles Reduced to allow wide mouth gape Reduced Well-developed Well-developed
Jaw Type Angle not expanded Angle not expanded Expanded angle Expanded angle
Jaw Joint Location On same plane as molar teeth On same plane as molar teeth Above the plane of the molars Above the plane of the molars
Jaw Motion Shearing; minimal side-to-side motion Shearing; side-to-side motion, minimal front-to-back No shear; grinding side-to-side, front-to-back Multidorectional, dimentional, efficient masticating
Major Jaw Muscles Temporalis Temporalis Masseter and pterygoids Masseter and pterygoids
Mouth Opening Vs. Head Size Large Large Small Small
Teeth: Insicors Short and pointed Short and pointed 8 on front part of jaw; Broad, flattened and spade shaped 8, Broad, flattened and spade shaped
Teeth: Canines Long, sharp and curved Long, sharp and curved, tusk like or beak 2 Dull and short or long (for defense), or none 2, Short and blunted
Teeth: Molars Sharp, jagged and blade shaped Sharp blades and/or flattened 5 on each side of jaw; Flattened with cusps vs complex surface 14, Flattened with nodular cusps; includes cuspids & bicuspids
Chewing None; swallows food whole Swallows food whole and/or simple crushing Extensive chewing necessary Extensive chewing necessary
Tail yes yes yes some
Digestive System:
Tongue very rough (for pulling and tearing) moderate to rough moderately rough smooth, used mainly as shovel
Saliva, Salivary Glands No digestive enzymes, no glands No digestive enzymes, underactive glands, acid Carbohydrate digesting enzymes, alkaline Carbohydrate digesting enzymes, alkalline
Stomach Type SImple structure, small round sack Simple structure oblong, ringed, multiple chambers (complex) oblong, 2 compartments (simple)
Stomach Acidity Less than or equal to pH 1 with food in stomach, Strong and continuous HCL flow. About pH 1 with food in stomach, moderate gastric acids (HCL & pepsin) pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach, weak acid pH 4 to 5 with food in stomach, weak acid
Stomach Capacity 60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract 60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract Less than 30% of total volume of digestive tract 21% to 27% of total volume of digestive tract
Small Intestine 3 to 6 times body length (short), smooth 4 to 6 times body length, somewhat sacculated (accounts for ability to eat veggies). 10 to more than 12 times body length, long, sacculated (ringed) for extensive absorption 10 to 11 times body length, sacculated for extensive absorption
Liver Can detoxify vitamin A, 50% larger than a humans; very complex with 5 distinct chambers; heavy bie flow for heavy gastric juices. Can detoxify vitamin A. Complex and larger proportionally than that of humans Cannot detoxify vitamin A. Similar to Human but larger in capacity Cannot detoxify vitamin A. Simple, average size (not large & complex like carnivores)
Eliminative System:
Colon Simple, short, smooth (non-sacculated), minimal ability for absorption. Simple, short and smooth. Minimal absorption. Long, complex, sacculated for extensive absortion Long, sacculated for extensive absorption
GI tract 3 times length of spine 10 times the length of the spine 30 times length of spine 12 times length of spine
Urinary System:
Kidney Extremely concentrated urine, acidic Extremely concentrated urine, acidic Moderately concentrated urine, alkaline Moderately concentrated urine, alkaline
Extremeties (limbs)
Hands (upper front) claw type hoofs, claws, and paws hoofs fingers for picking, peeling, and tearing
Feet (lower back) claw type hoofs, claws, and paws hoofs toes
Quadrupeds walks on all four walks on all 4 extemeties; except for birds which have and walk on 2 legs only. walks on all 4 extremeties walks upright on 2 extremeties
Nails Sharp claws Sharp claws Flattened nails or blunt hooves Flattened nails
Integumentary System:
Skin 100% covered with hair Smooth, oily, hair or feathers pores with extensive hair covering entire body pores with minimal hair
Sweat Glands Uses tongue and has sweat glands in food pads only. very minimal; only around snout (hogs) and foot pads (dogs and none on birds. includes millions of perspiration ducts includes millions of perspiration ducts

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About Andrea

Andrea Lambert is one of Arizona’s preeminent health educators and live plant based lifestyle experts. Since 2007, she’s been focused in the studies of and participating in alternative health practices, plant based nutrition, and endurance athletics. Andrea recently authored her first book entitled, "Life Without Cancer: How to Stop Making Disease in Your Body." She’s been featured on The Food Channel, The Examiner, AZ Life and Style, Pure Bar, Balance for Busy Moms, and Plant Based Nation; and held a 2 year staff position at an alternative cancer treatment center. Andrea currently maintains a successful private practice, syncRAWnicity, as a health educator, coach, author, and public speaker. Andrea’s mission is to empower people to take their health into their own hands through evidence based education. Your body holds the cure!

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  1. Physiological Reasons for Veganism says:
    June 9, 2015 at 10:30 PM

    […] more on this topic in my discussion on the comparison of vertebrate physiology. Are we carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, or frugivores? You decide. http://andrealambert.net/?p=1776 […]

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